Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is effective in preventing menopause-related bone loss and decreasing vertebral, nonvertebral and hip fracture risk. MHT contains estrogens that exert both antiosteoclastic and osteoanabolic effects. These effects are dose-dependent, as even ultra-low doses preserve or increase bone mineral density. The transdermal route of administration is effective on cancell…
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogen agent causing coronavirus disease (COVID)-19, which was declared a global pandemic in 2020. The spike protein of this virus and the angiotensin-converter enzyme (ACE)-2 in host cells in humans play a vital role in infection and in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Estradiol is known to modulate the actions of immune cells, and, t…
Introduction The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is important for the regulation of multiple biological processes, including cellular growth and glucose metabolism. Defects of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway are not usually considered among the genetic causes of recurrent hypoglycemia in childhood. However, accumulating evidence links hypoglycemia with defects of this pathway. Case reports…
Purpose Despite the vaginal mucosa is able to respond to allergenic stimuli, vaginal allergic responses have been under investigated in clinical practice. Thus, we aimed to identify the most frequent etiological agents responsible for vulvovaginal allergies, the prevalent signs/symptoms, and the diagnostic tests applied in this clinical condition. Methods Literature search was performed on…
Background Fistulas are an abnormal connection between two or more epithelial surfaces. When fstulization between adjacent structures occurs in the pelvis, there is almost invariably signifcant associated morbidity and impact on a patient’s quality of life. Imaging may aid in the diagnosis of pelvic fstulas and is essential to identify any associated pathology, defne the course of the f…